Challenging Exclusion and Museum Doctrine

Challenging gender stereotypes: resistance and exclusion.

The likelihood of resisting gender-stereotypic peer group norms, along with expectations about personal resistance, was investigated in 9- to 10-year-olds and 13- to 14-year-olds (N = 292). Participants were told about a stereotype conforming group (boys playing football; girls doing ballet) and a stereotype nonconforming group (boys doing ballet; girls playing football). Contrary to expectatio...

Challenging Beliefs, Practices, and Content: How Museum Educators Change

Educators in informal settings can be a key part of the learning experience, yet they are often poorly supported as professionals. This study followed the professional development of museum educators who participated in iterative implementation of a new school trip program focused on climate change. The learner-centered pedagogy, inquiry format, and controversial content of this program all pre...

Museum as Text An Introduction to the Relationship between Semiotics and the Museum as an Institution

The Reading of Museum is the title of a book by Reza Dabirinezhad that has just been published and is available to the Iranian academic and cultural community. The author is a museum specialist and one of the renowned executives of the country's museums, who uses the methodology of semiotics to analyze the mechanism of the interpretation of museum objects and the Semantic System in museums. Sin...

Nutrition and Food Sciences: Fascinating and Challenging

Empirical Doctrine

We can observe and measure how legal decision makers use formal legal authorities, but there is no way to empirically test the determinative capacity of legal doctrine itself. Yet discussions of empirical studies of judicial behavior sometimes conflate judges’ attention to legal rules with legal rules determining outcomes. Doctrinal determinacy is not the same thing as legal predictability. The...